⚫ The particle את , which is superfluous indicates that something which is not explicitly stated must be regarded as included in the passage under consideration, or that some teaching is implied thereby. Genesis Rabbah 22:2*. It may be considered as an 'etcetera'. The את ath used with 'heavens' and 'earth' suggests that a second duality was also created. There is a duality between heaven and earth and one which will be discerned later between spiritual and flesh, or holiness and grace. * The use of one rabbinic rule is not an endorsement of them all.